HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS (HDI) IN TAMILNADU

          

  HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS (HDI) IN TAMILNADU

HDI in tamilnadu district wise

Human Development Indicators in Tamilnadu and a Comparative Assessment across the country is one of the newly added and the most important topic in TNPSC exam.  You can also download free pdf of the reference materials from the link given at the end of the article.

INTRODUCTION

                    

    HDI was developed by the Pakistani Economist Mahbub ul Haq and the Indian Economist Amartya Kumar Sen in 1990. United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) has been publishing Human Development Report annually since 1990. 

    HDI is based on the following three indicators

• Life Expectancy Index 
• Education Index  
• GDP Per Capita 

    Before calculating HDI, the fixed minimum and maximum values of each indicator are chosen. The performance in each dimension is expressed as a value between 0 and 1 by applying the following formula, 

Dimension Index = (Actual value – Minimum value) / (Maximum value - Minimum value) 

HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS IN INDIA

    As per latest Human Development Report (2019) India has been ranked 129 out of 189 countries. India lies in Medium Human Development bracket with the HDI value of 0.647.

    In 1990 India scored a HDI value of 0.431 and in 2019 it increased by 50%. Male HDI of India is 0.692 and Female HDI is 0.574.

                                    

                                    Table 1: HDI value based Development assessment

   

                          

Table 2: HDI ranking of India with its Neighbour countries 

         

                          

                       

                                        Table 3 : HDI ranking_Top 5 and Last Country

                          

 

                              

HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS IN TAMILNADU

    As per the UNDP report in 2018 the HDI value of Tamilnadu is 0.708 and it lies in the High human development bracket. HDI rank of Tamilnadu is 11 which includes Union territories. Among states Tamilnadu ranks 6th place.

 1.A comparative assessment across the Country:     

            HDI value of Tamilnadu is similar to Haryana and the Union territory Diu and Daman. HDI of Libia is same as Tamilnadu.

            Among the States Kerala tops the HDI ranking with the HDI value of 0.779 while Bihar is in the bottom with the HDI value 0.576. Among the Union territories Chandigarh tops the list and Dadra Nagar haveli is in the bottom. 

            Table 4 : HDI ranking of Indian states and UT

        2.HDI Components and District ranking

        Human Development Indicators in Tamilnadu are listed below with district wise ranking, 

    (a) Human Development Index : 

            In HDI ranking Kanyakumari ranks first (0.944) and Ariyalur ranks last (0.282). Surprisingly Virudhunagar district came second in the list due to its relatively higher per capita income which is due to the spread of small scale industries such as printing and fireworks.

     (b) Gender Inequality Index:

            Gender Inequality Index measures the loss in potential of human development due to the inequality between female and male. GII was added in the UNDP report from 2010. In GII India ranks 122 with the GII value of 0.501. For measuring GII, three dimensions are considered, they are,

            1. Reproductive health

            2. Empowerment

            3. Labour market

    (c) Child Development Index:

                The Child Development Index was developed by the “Save the Children” campaign in the United Kingdom (UK), in 2008. Three Indicators used for measuring CDI, they are

    1. Health

    2. Nutrition

    3. Education

        

    (d) Multidimensional Poverty Index :

            The MPI is based on health, education and standard of living. MDPI was added in the UNDP report from 2010. In India 27.9% population (373,735 thousand people) are Multidimensionally poor.  

     (e) Food Security Index:

         Food Security has three components—availability, accessibility and absorption. 

    (f) OTHER INDICATORS:

            Per Capita Income: Kanyakumari came first in the list while Ariyalur ends the list.

            Life Expectancy: Chennai tops the list while Tiruppur ends the list.

            Literacy rate: Kanyakumari has high literacy rate while Dharmapuri has the low literacy rate.

            Gross Enrollment ratio(GER) - Primary: Nilgiris came first while Tirupput came last.

            Gross Enrollment ratio(GER) - Secondary: Surprisingly Dharmapuri came first in Secondary level GER and Erode came last.

MODIFICATION IN HDI

            Biswajeet Guha has stated that the calculation of HDI neglected many important aspects of human development. He has created four indices of HDI as HDI 1, HDI 2, HDI 3, and HDI 4.

•     HDI 1 is same as the HDI calculated by UNDP
•     HDI 2 = HDI 1 + Quality of Life Index
•     HDI 3 = HDI 2 + Poverty Alleviation Index
•     HDI 4 = HDI 3 + Urbanization Index

Physical Quality of Life Index (PQLI) 

            Morris D Morris developed the Physical Quality of Life Index (PQLI) in 1970`s. The PQLI is a measure to calculate the quality of life (well being of a country). PQLI include three indicators such as 

• Life expectancy
• Infant mortality rate
• Literacy rate. 

            A scale of each indicator ranges from the number 1 to 100. Number 1 represents the worst performance by any country and 100 is the best performance. For example, in case of life expectancy, the upper limit of 100 is achieved by Sweden with life expectancy of 77 years. The lower limit of 1 was achieved by Guinea-Bissau with life expectancy of 28 years. 

            The main difference between the two is the inclusion of income in HDI and exclusion of income from PQLI.

To download reference material for Human Development Indicators in Tamilnadu and a Comparative Assessment across the country ; Human Development Indicators in Tamilnadu : Click here

 (HDI report and from School book)    

SOCIAL REFORM MOVEMENT

Impact of Social Reform movements in the Socio - Economic Development of Tamil Nadu             

This post describes the Impact of Social Reform movements in the Socio - Economic Development of Tamil Nadu ||  Evolution of 19th and 20th Century Socio-Political movements in Tamil Nadu || Social and religious reform movement. This is one of the important topic for TNPSC exam. You can also download free pdf of the reference materials from the link given at the end of the article

 Social Reformers of Tamilnadu

(1) Ramalinga Swamigal :

    Ramalinga Swamigal (1823–1874) was popularly known as Vallalar and was born in Marudhur, a village near Chidambaram. He showed his compassion and mercy on all living beings including plants. This he called jeevakarunya. That is why he said "Vaadiya payirai kandapodellam vaadinaen". He expressed the view that ‘those who lack compassion for suffering beings are hard hearted, their wisdom clouded’.

    He opposed the superstitious beliefs and rituals.He emphasized on being vegetarian. One of the primary teaching of vallalar is Service to mankind is the path of moksha.

    He established the Samarasa Vedha Sanmarga Sangam in 1865 and it was renamed “Samarasa Suddha Sanmarga Satya Sanga” which means “Society for Pure Truth in Universal self-hood”.

    He also established Sathya Dharuma Salai a free feeding house for everyone irrespective of caste at Vadalur in 1867, in the wake of a terrible famine in south India in 1866.

    He also established Sathya Gnana Sabai in 1872. He introduced the principle that God could be worshiped in the form of Light (Arul Perum Jothi).

    His voluminous songs were compiled and published under the title Thiruvarutpa (Songs of Grace). His radical views deeply disturbed Saiva orthodoxy, who condemned his writings as Marutpa (songs of ignorance).

    His other literay works include Manu Murai Kanda Vasagam, Chinmaya deepikai, Olivillodukam, Thondai mandala sadhakkam and Jeeva Karunyam.

(2) Vaikunda Swamigal:

            

    Sri Vaikunda Swamigal was born in 1809 at Swamithoppu in the Kanyakumari district of Tamil Nadu.His original name Mudichudum Perumal was changed to Muthukutty by his parents due to objection raised by the upper caste Hindus.

    He preached the ideas of equality and advocated the rights of depressed  class people in the face of stiff opposition from upper castes as well as the princely state of Travancore. 

    Vaikunda Swamikal criticized the rule of the British and the rule of Rajah of Travancore as the rule of White devils and Black devils respectively.

    He requested the people to give up all the irrelevant rites and rituals in their worship. In 1833, Vaikundar commenced his meditation at Samithoppu for the abolition of caste differences and social integration of the society. Vaikunda Swamigal condemned the worship of idols. The people sacrificed goats, cocks and hens. He condemned these religious customs and campaigned against animal sacrifice.

    Vaikunda Swamigal founded Samathuva Samajam to unite all the people of various castes. His followers called him respectfully as Ayya (father). His cult was also known as Ayya Vazhi (The Path of Ayya). By the mid- nineteenth century, Ayyavazhi came to be recognized as a separate religion and spread in the regions of South Travancore and South Tirunelveli.

    After his death, the religion was spread on the basis of his teachings and the religious books Akilattirattu, Ammanai and Arul Nool. Hundreds of Nizhal Thangals (places of worship) were built across the country. His ideas are collected into a text called Akila Thirattu. 

(3) Iyothee Thassar:

    Pandithar Iyothee Thassar (1845–1914) was a radical Tamil scholar, writer, siddha medicine practitioner, journalist and sociopolitical activist. He was born in chennai. His original name was Kathavarayan.

    He campaigned for social justice and untouchables. He worked for the construction of a casteless identity and castigated caste hegemony and untouchability. He considered education as an important tool for empowerment.

    Iyothee Thassar founded the Advaidananda Sabha to raise the voice for the temple entry of the “untouchables”. In 1882, John Rathinam and Iyothee Thassar established a movement called, Dravida Kazhagam and launched a magazine called Dravida Pandian in 1885. 

    He founded the Dravida Mahajana Sabha in 1891 and organised the First Conference of the association at Nilgiris. He started a weekly journal, Oru Paisa Tamilan, in 1907 and published it until his demise in 1914.

    Influenced by the Theosophist organizer, Colonel H.S. Olcott, he went to Sri Lanka in 1898 and converted to Buddhism. In the same year, he founded the Sakya Buddhist Society at Madras to construct the rational religious philosophy through Buddhist religion. He called the “untouchables” Sathi Petham Atra Dravidar (Casteless Dravidians) and urged them to register as casteless Dravidians in the Census.

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